Derecho a la desconexión laboral digital en el marco del derecho laboral

En la sociedad se ha venido avanzando tecnológicamente y se reguló el teletrabajo, el cual se intentó implementar durante la pandemia por covid-19. En Colombia, ante tal evento, se le llamó trabajo en casa, ya que muchos empleadores en su momento no habían evolucionado hacia teletrabajo. Por lo tanto, apareció la figura del trabajo en casa, que no estaba regulada por el Estado y obligó tanto a empleadores como a trabajadores a desarrollar sus labores desde la casa como consecuencia del aislamiento. Como efecto, esto introdujo las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones (TIC) dentro de los hogares para desarrollar las actividades. Las TIC invadieron los espacios personales de todos y, con el trabajo en casa, se llegó a confundir en la actualidad cuál es el espacio personal y cuál es el ambiente laboral. A partir de las TIC, los empleados perdieron espacios como el desayuno, el almuerzo, la cena, el de juego con sus hijos, el de gimnasio, el estudio, el de pareja, etc., debido a aplicaciones de comunicación como WhatsApp, Telegram, Teams, Hangouts Meet, entre otras, que los mantienen conectados de manera permanente al trabajo. Así, se extendieron las jornadas laborales, ya que por tales medios somos notificados de las diferentes actividades o mensajes relacionados con el trabajo las 24 horas, los 7 días de la semana. El derecho a la desconexión es el derecho que tiene el trabajador a que se le respete su tiempo y el de su familia, fuera de jornada laboral, con el fin de que no le sean vulnerados sus derechos fundamentales por no atender mensajes, tareas o actividades, una vez se hubiera finalizado su jornada laboral. Con este documento, se trata de dar un marco donde empleadores y trabajadores respeten las jornadas laboral y personal de todos los miembros de la sociedad, independientemente de si están o no dentro de la misma empresa, actividad comercial, económica.Alternate : Society has been advancing technologically and teleworking has been regulated, which was attempted to be implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Colombia, in view of such event, it was called work from home, since many employers at the time had not evolved towards telework. Therefore, the figure of work from home appeared, which was not regulated by the State and forced both employers and workers to develop their work from home as a result of isolation. As an effect, this introduced Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) into homes for the development of activities. ICTs invaded everyone's personal space and, with work from home, there is now confusion as to what is personal space and what is work environments. As a result of ICTs, employees lost space such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, playing with their children, gym, study, partner, etc. , due to communication applications such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Teams, Hangouts Meet, among others, which keep them permanently connected to work. Thus, working hours were extended, since by such means notifications are received of different activities or work-related messages 24/7. The right to disconnect is the right of the worker to have their time and that of their family respected, outside of working hours, so that their fundamental rights are not violated for not responding to messages, tasks or activities once their working day is over. The purpose of this document is to provide a framework where both employers and workers respect the working hours and personal schedules of all members of society, regardless of whether or not they are in the same company, commercial, economic activity.Alternate : Na sociedade, o teletrabalho foi regularizado e continua avançando tecnologicamente, e tentou ser implementado durante a pandemia ocasionada pela covid-19. Na Colômbia, ante esse evento, foi chamado “trabalho em casa”, já que muitos empregadores em seu momento não teriam evoluído ao teletrabalho. Portanto, apareceu a figura do trabalho em casa, que não estava regularizada pelo Estado e obrigou tanto empregadores como trabalhadores a desenvolver seu trabalho de casa, como consequência do isolamento. Como efeito, isso introduziu as tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) dentro dos lares para desenvolver as atividades. As TIC invadiram os espaços pessoais de todos e, com o trabalho em casa, chegou-se a confundir na atualidade qual o espaço pessoal e qual o profissional. A partir das TIC, os empregados perderam espaços como o das refeições, o da brincadeira com os filhos, o da academia, o do estudo, o do relacionamento etc. devido a aplicações de comunicação como WhatsApp, Telegram, Teams, Hangouts Meet, entre outras, que os mantivessem conectados de maneira permanente ao trabalho. Assim, foram estendidas as jornadas de trabalho, já que, por tais meios, somos notificados das diferentes atividades ou mensagens relacionadas com o trabalho as 24 horas, os sete dias da semana. O direito à desconexão é o direito que o trabalhador tem de que seu tempo e o de sua família seja respeitado, fora do horário de trabalho, a fim de que não sejam violados seus direitos fundamentais por não atender mensagens, tarefas ou atividades, quando seu horário de trabalho tiver terminado. Com este texto, pretende-se dar um referencial em que empregadores e trabalhadores respeitem as jornadas profissional e pessoal de todos os membros da sociedade, independentemente de se estão ou não dentro da mesma empresa, atividade comercial, econômica.

Humoral immune response of patients infected by earlier lineages of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizes wild types of the most prevalent variants in Brazil (preprint)

In the present study, serum samples of 20 hospitalized COVID-19 patients from Brazil who were infected by the earlier SARS-CoV-2 lineages B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33, and by the variant of concern (VOC) Gamma (P.1) were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) with wild isolates of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including B.1, Zeta, N.10, and the VOCs Gamma, Alpha, and Delta that emerged in different timeframes of the pandemic. The main objectives of the present study were to evaluate if serum of COVID-19 patients infected by earlier lineages of SARS-CoV-2 were capable to neutralize recently emerged VOCs, and if PRNT90 is a reliable serologic method to distinguish infections caused by different SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Overall, sera collected from the day of admittance to the hospital to 21 days after diagnostic of patients infected by the two earlier lineages B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33 presented neutralizing capacity for all challenged VOCs, including Gamma and Delta, that were the most prevalent VOCs in Brazil. Among all variants tested, Delta and N.10 presented the lowest mean of neutralizing antibody titers, and B.1.1.7, presented the highest titers. Four patients infected with Gamma, that emerged in December 2020, presented neutralizing antibodies for B.1, B.1.1.33 and B.1.1.28, its ancestor lineage. All of them had neutralizing antibodies under the level of detection for the VOC Delta. Interestingly, patients infected by B.1.1.28 presented very similar mean of neutralizing antibody titers for both B.1.1.33 and B.1.1.28. Findings presented here indicate that most patients infected in early stages of COVID-19 pandemic presented neutralizing antibodies up to 21 days after diagnostic capable to neutralize wild types of all recently emerged VOCs in Brazil, and that the PRNT90 it is not a reliable serologic method to distinguish natural infections caused by different SARS-CoV-2 lineages.

Recurrent dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 through the Uruguayan-Brazilian border (preprint)

Summary Background: Uruguay is one of the few countries in the Americas that successfully contained the COVID-19 epidemic during the first half of 2020. Nevertheless, the intensive human mobility across the dry border with Brazil is a major challenge for public health authorities. We aimed to investigate the origin of SARS-CoV-2 strains detected in Uruguayan localities bordering Brazil as well as to measure the viral flux across this ~1,100 km uninterrupted dry frontier. Methods: Using complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the Uruguayan-Brazilian bordering region and phylogeographic analyses, we inferred the virus dissemination frequency between Brazil and Uruguay and characterized local outbreak dynamics during the first months (May-July) of the pandemic. Findings: Phylogenetic analyses revealed multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 Brazilian lineages B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33 into Uruguayan localities at the bordering region. The most probable sources of viral strains introduced to Uruguay were the Southeast Brazilian region and the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Some of the viral strains introduced in Uruguayan border localities between early May and mid-July were able to locally spread and originated the first outbreaks detected outside the metropolitan region. The viral lineages responsible for Uruguayan suburban outbreaks were defined by a set of between four and 11 mutations (synonymous and non-synonymous) respect to the ancestral B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33 viruses that arose in Brazil, supporting the notion of a rapid genetic differentiation between SARS-CoV-2 subpopulations spreading in South America. Interpretation: Although Uruguayan borders have remained essentially closed to non-Uruguayan citizens, the inevitable flow of people across the dry border with Brazil allowed the repeated entry of the virus into Uruguay and the subsequent emergence of local outbreaks in Uruguayan border localities. Implementation of coordinated bi-national surveillance systems are crucial to achieve an efficient control of the SARS-CoV-2 spread across this kind of highly permeable borderland regions around the world.